Notes on
The Sixties

For an overview of the major events of the civil rights movement, see especially Taylor Branch’s America in the King Years trilogy: Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988); Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998); and At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007).[]

Branch, Parting the Waters.[][]

Raymond Arsenault, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).[]

Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987).[]

Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).[]

David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).[]

Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics(Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2000).[]

Michael Vinson Williams, Medgar Evers: Mississippi Martyr (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2013).[]

Branch,Parting the Waters.[]

Branch,Pillar of Fire.[]

Charles M. Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).[]

Branch, At Canaan’s Edge.[]

Lyndon Baines Johnson, “Remarks at the University of Michigan,” May 22, 1964, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965), 704.[]

Margaret Sands Orchowski, The Law That Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).[]

See, for instance, Wesley G. Phelps, A People’s War on Poverty: Urban Politics and Grassroots Activists in Houston(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2014).[]

Ibid.[]

Guian A. McKee, “‘This Government Is with Us’: Lyndon Johnson and the Grassroots War on Poverty,” in The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History, 1964–1980 , ed. Annelise Orleck and Lisa Gayle Hazirjian (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).[]

Michael P. Sullivan, The Vietnam War: A Study in the Making of American Foreign Policy (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), 58.[]

Thomas Frank, The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 7.[]

Brenda Polan and Roger Tredre, The Great Fashion Designers(New York: Berg, 2009), 103–104.[]

Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention(New York: Penguin, 2011).[]

Peniel E. Joseph, ed., The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights–Black Power Era (New York: Routledge, 2013), 2.[]

Gordon Parks, “Whip of Black Power,” Life , May 19, 1967, 82.[]

Lance Hill, The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).[]

Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin Jr., Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).[]

In 1974, fishing rights activists and tribal leaders reached a legal victory in United States v. Washington, otherwise known as the Boldt Decision, which declared that Native Americans were entitled to up to 50 percent of the fish caught in the “usual and accustomed places,” as stated in 1850s treaties.[]

Paul Chaat Smith and Robert Allen Warrior,Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee (New York: New Press, 1997).[]

See, for instance, Juan Gómez-Quiñones and Irene Vásquez, Making Aztlán: Ideology and Culture of the Chicana and Chicano Movement, 1966–1977(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014).[]

Armando Navarro, Mexican American Youth Organization: Avant-Garde of the Movement in Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995); Ignacio M. Garcia, United We Win: The Rise and Fall of La Raza Unida Party (Tucson: University of Arizona Mexican American Studies Research Center, 1989).[]

Lelia J. Rupp and Verta Taylor, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).[]

American Women: Report of the President’s Commission the Status of Women (U.S. Department of Labor: 1963), 2, https://​www​.dol​.gov/​wb/​American​%20Women​%20Report​.pdf, accessed June 7, 2018.[]

Flora Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women’s Movement in America Since 1960 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999); Cynthia Ellen Harrison, On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women’s Issues, 1945–1968(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).[]

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963), 50.[]

Allison Elias, “Women, Gender, and Feminism,” in Nevertheless, They Persisted: Feminism and Continued Resistance in the U.S. Women’s Movement, ed. Jo Reger (New York: Routledge, 2019), 204–220.[]

Katherine Turk, The Women of NOW: How Feminists Built an Organization That Transformed America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023).[]

Sara M. Evans. Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and New Left (New York: Knopf, 1979).[]

Casey Hayden and Mary King, “A Kind of Memo from Casey Hayden and Mary King to a Number of Other Women in the Peace and Freedom Movements,” in Women Together: A History in Documents of the Women’s Movement in the United States , ed. Judith Papachristou (New York: Knopf, 1976), 227.[]

Carol Hanisch, “The Personal Is Political,” in Notes from the Second Year: Women’s Liberation, ed. Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt (New York: Radical Feminism, 1970).[]

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962); Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature(New York: Holt, 1997).[]