Notes on
World War I & Its Aftermath

David Stevenson, The First World War and International Politics (London: Oxford University Press, 1988); David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy(New York: Basic Books, 2004).[]

George Washington, Farewell Address, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress , 2869–2870.[]

Paul Koistinen, Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865–1919(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997).[]

John S. D. Eisenhower, Intervention! The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1917(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995).[]

John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 6; Lloyd C. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).[]

Alex Beckstrand, “A Very Important Portion of the World’s Supply of Oil”: The United States and Oil Diplomacy with Mexico during World War I (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 2024).[]

Robert N. Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Vera Cruz (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1962).[]

Benjamin Heber Johnson, Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Blood Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003).[]

Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).[]

John S. D. Eisenhower,Intervention! The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1917(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995); Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).[]

Michael S. Neiberg, Fighting the Great War: A Global History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).[]

Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960).[]

American Federation of Labor, Report of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention (Washington, DC: Law Reporter, 1917), 112.[]

Christopher Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).[]

Albert Gallatin Love, Defects Found in Drafted Men (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920), 73.[]

Dawley, Changing the World.[][]

Susan Zeiger,In Uncle Sam’s Service: Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force, 1917–1919(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 2–4.[]

Lettie Gavin, American Women in World War I: They Also Served (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1997); Kimberly Jensen, Mobilizing Minerva: American Women in the First World War(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 170–172.[]

Gavin, American Women , 129–240.[]

Nikki Brown, Private Politics and Public Voices: Black Women’s Activism from World War I to the New Deal (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 66–107.[]

Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 96; Michael C. LeMay and Elliott Robert Barkan, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 110.[]

David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).[]

Neiberg, Fighting the Great War.[]

Ibid.[][][][]

Nancy K. Bristow, American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Alfred W. Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003).[]

Bristow, American Pandemic ; Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic.[]

Dawley, Changing the World.[][]

Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).[]

John Milton Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001).[]

Ibid.[][][][]

David Fromkin,A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East(New York: Holt, 1989).[]

Moshik Temkin, The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair: America on Trial(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).[]

On the connections between the 1919–20 bomb plots and the Red Scare, see Michael Willrich, American Anarchy: The Epic Struggle between Immigrant Radicals and the U.S. Government at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century(New York: Basic Books, 2023); Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955). On the FBI and antiradicalism, see Regin Schmidt, Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2000). On the founding and early history of American Communism, see Maurice Isserman, Reds: The Tragedy of American Communism(New York: Basic Books, 2024), chap. 1. On the Wall Street bombing and its aftermath, see Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).[]

On the Boston police strike and Coolidge, see Francis Russell, A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike (Boston: Beacon, 2005); Warren G. Harding, “National Ideals and Policies,” The Protectionist (May 1920), 71–81. On the second Red Scare, see Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).[]

On the Seattle general strike, see Robert L. Friedheim, The Seattle General Strike (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018). On the 1919 strike wave in context, see David Montgomery, “The ‘New Unionism’ and the Transformation of Workers’ Consciousness in America, 1909–22,” Journal of Social History 7 (Summer 1974): 509–529. On the campaign for “industrial democracy,” see Joseph A. McCartin, Labor’s Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912–1921(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).[]

For a chronological narrative of the first Red Scare, including the steel and coal strikes, see Murray, Red Scare.[]

Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration(New York: Vintage Books, 2011).[]

W.E.B. Du Bois, “Returning Soldiers,” The Crisis (May 1919): 14.[]

William Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1970); Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Holt, 2011).[]