Notes on
The Progressive Era

Jack London, The Iron Heel (New York: Macmillan, 1908), 104.[]

Philip Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I(New York: Free Press, 1979.).[]

Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire(Ithaca, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1962), 20.[]

Ibid., 144.[]

Ray Stannard Baker, American Chronicle: The Autobiography of Ray Stannard Baker (New York: Scribner, 1945), 183.[]

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (New York: Doubleday, 1906), 40.[]

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward: 2000–1887 (Boston: Ticknor, 1888).[]

Ibid., 368.[]

Charles M. Sheldon, In His Steps: “What Would Jesus Do? ” (Chicago: Advance, 1896), 273.[]

Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel (New York: Macmillan, 1917), 5.[]

Martha S. Jones, Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All(New York: Basic Books, 2020); Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994).[]

John Kobler, Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (Boston: Da Capo Press, 1993), 147.[]

Toynbee Hall was the first settlement house. It was built in 1884 by Samuel Barnett as a place for Oxford students to live while at the same time working in the house’s poor neighborhood. Daniel Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998), 64–65; Victoria Bissell Brown, The Education of Jane Addams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).[]

Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 125–126.[]

Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 77.[]

Jane Addams, “The Settlement as a Factor in the Labor Movement,” reprinted in Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation of Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago Together with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing out of the Social Conditions (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 145, 149.[]

Kathryn Kish Sklar, “‘Some of Us Who Deal with the Social Fabric’: Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907–1919,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2 (January 2003).[]

Karen Manners Smith, “New Paths to Power: 1890–1920,” in No Small Courage: A History of Women in the United States , ed. Nancy Cott (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 392.[]

Dawn Langan Teele, Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women’s Vote(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018). See also Tiffany Lewis, Uprising: How Women Used the US West to Win the Right to Vote(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2021).[]

Sarah Eisenstein, Give Us Bread but Give Us Roses: Working Women’s Consciousness in the United States, 1890 to the First World War (New York: Routledge, 1983), 32.[]

Cathleen Cahill, Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020).[]

Allison K. Lange, Picturing Political Power: Images in the Women’s Suffrage Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), 160.[]

Cahill,Recasting the Vote.[]

Lange, Picturing Political Power , 172.[]

Wendy L. Rouse, Her Own Hero: The Women’s Self-Defense Movement(New York: New York University Press, 2019).[]

Ellen Carol Dubois, Women’s Suffrage and Women’s Rights (New York: New York University Press, 1998).[]

Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 145.[]

Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (New York: Broadway Books, 2003), 307.[]

Munn v. Illinois , 94 U.S. 113 (1877).[]

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.[]

The writer Henry Adams said that Roosevelt “showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter—the quality that medieval theology assigned to God—he was pure act.” Adams, The Education of Henry Adams(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), 413.[]

Theodore Roosevelt, Addresses and Presidential Messages of Theodore Roosevelt, 1902–1904 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 15.[]

The historiography on American progressive politics is vast. See, for instance, Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920(New York: Free Press, 2003).[]

Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind , 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 167–168, 171, 165.[]

John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901).[]

Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation (New York: Doubleday Page, 1910), 44.[]

Kevin C. Armitage, The Nature Study Movement: The Forgotten Popularizer of America’s Conservation Ethic(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009).[]

Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).[]

Edward Ayers, The Promise of the New South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 147.[]

Ibid.[][]

Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 43.[]

Perman, Struggle for Mastery , 147.[]

Richmond Planet , July 12, 1890, 2.[]

See Michele Mitchell, Righteous Propagation: African Americans and the Politics of Racial Destiny After Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks-Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).[]

Henry T. Sampson, Blacks in Black and White: A Source Book on Black Films , 2nd ed. (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1995), 166.[]

Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 (1896).[]

Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (New York: Doubleday, 1901), 221–222.[]

Kate A. Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters Between Black and Red(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 297n28.[]

W. E. B. DuBois, “Niagara’s Declaration of Principles, 1905,” Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, https://​glc​.yale​.edu/​niagaras​-declaration​-principles​-1905, accessed June 15, 2018.[]