Notes on
Geographies of Empire

Based on U.S. Census figures from 1900. See, for instance, Donald Lee Parman, Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), ix.[]

On “settler colonialism,” see especially Margaret Jacobs, White Mother to a Dark Race: Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the American West and Australia, 1880–1940 (University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 1–24.[]

Richard White, It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 216–220.[]

On the Comanche, see especially Pekka Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).[]

Jeffrey Ostler, The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).[]

Robert Utley, The Indian Frontier 1846–1890 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984).[]

Boyd Cothran, Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014).[]

Report of the Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress, Beginning of the Second Session of the Forty-Fifth Congress , Volume I (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1877), 630.[]

Paul Conrad, The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021).[]

Rachel St. John, Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 50–62.[]

Conrad, Apache Diaspora.[]

K. Tsianina Lomawaima, They Called it Prairie Light: The Story of Chilocco Indian School (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).[]

Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977).[]

Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011), 107.[]

Walter Licht, Working on the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), chap. 5.[]

John F. Stover, The Routledge Historical Atlas of the American Railroads (New York: Routledge, 1999), 15, 17, 39, 49.[]

Richard W. Slatta, Cowboys of the Americas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).[]

Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West(New York: Norton, 1987), 195–199; White, It’s Your Misfortune, 115.[]

Alexandra Witkin, “To Silence a Drum: The Imposition of United States Citizenship on Native Peoples,” Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 21, no. 2 (Spring 1995): 374.[]

On the Ghost Dance Religion, see especially Louis S. Warren, God’s Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America (New York: Basic, 2017).[]

See, for instance, Oliver Knight, Following the Indian Wars(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960).[]

Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).[]

Joy S. Kasson, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History(New York: Macmillan, 2001).[]

Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, 1921), 12.[]

Kasson, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West , 117.[]

Elliott West, Catarino Garza’s Revolution on the Texas-Mexico Border (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004).[]

Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with Reference to China, Japan and Korea in the 19th Century (New York: Macmillan, 1922), 580.[]

Robert E. Hannigan, The New World Power: American Foreign Policy, 1898–1917(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002).[]

Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York: Macmillan, 1994); Robert A. Wines, Fertilizer in America: From Waste Recycling to Resource Exploitation(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985).[]

Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii(New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).[]

Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad, or The New Pilgrims’ Progress (Hartford, CT: American, 1869), 379.[]

Ussama Makdisi, Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008).[]

Lyman Abbott, Inspiration for Daily Living: Selections from the Writings of Lyman Abbott (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1919), 175.[]

Albert J. Beveridge, The Meaning of the Times: And Other Speeches(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1908), 48.[]

Finley Peter Dunne, Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of His Countrymen(Boston: Small, Maynard, 1899), 6.[]

Susan K. Harris, God’s Arbiters: Americans and the Philippines, 1898–1902 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).[]

Harris, God’s Arbiters ; Kramer, Blood of Government.[][]

John F. Bass, compiled in Marrion Wilcox, Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines (New York: Harper, 1900), 162.[]

William Henry Harbaugh, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt(London: Oxford University Press, 1961); Morton Keller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Profile (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967).[]

R. A. Hart, The Great White Fleet: Its Voyage Around the World, 1907–1909 (New York: Little, Brown, 1965).[]

Richard Collin, Theodore Roosevelt’s Caribbean: The Panama Canal, The Monroe Doctrine, and the Latin American Context(Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1990).[]

Ibid.[]

Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 3.[]

William Everett Kane, Civil Strife in Latin America: A Legal History of U.S. Involvement (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), 73.[]

Theodore Roosevelt to Elihu Root, May 20, 1904, in Elting E. Morrison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt , vol. 4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951), 801.[]

Hannigan, New World Power.[]

Theodore Roosevelt to William Bayard Hale, February 26, 1904, in Morrison, ed., Letters of Theodore Roosevelt , vol. 4, 740.[]

Mona Domosh, American Commodities in an Age of Empire(New York: Routledge, 2006).[]

Kristin L. Hoganson,Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).[]

Domosh, American Commodities.[]