Notes on
Capital and Labor

David T. Burbank, Reign of the Rabble: The St. Louis General Strike of 1877 (New York: Kelley, 1966), 11.[]

Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (New York: Dee, 1957); Philip S. Foner, The Great Labor Uprising of 1877 (New York: Monad Press, 1977); David Omar Stowell, ed., The Great Strikes of 1877 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2008).[]

See Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011). []

William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the West (New York: Norton, 1991), 239.[]

David Hochfelder, “Edison and the Age of Invention,” in A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881 , ed. Edward O. Frantz (Chichester, UK: Blackwell, 2014), 499.[]

Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977); David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).[]

Hounshell, From the American System , 153–188.[]

Alfred D. Chandler Jr., S cale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 52.[]

Chandler, Visible Hand.[]

Jennifer M. Black, Branding Trust: Advertising and Trademarks in Nineteenth-Century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023); Edd Applegate, The Rise of Advertising in the United States: A History of Innovation to 1960 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2012), 149–170.[]

Naomi R. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985).[]

See especially Edward O’Donnell, Henry George and the Crisis of Inequality: Progress and Poverty in the Gilded Age (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), 41–45.[]

Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920(New York: Free Press, 2003).[]

Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought(Boston: Beacon Books, 1955).[]

Henry Louis Mencken, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche(Boston: Luce, 1908), 102–103.[]

William Graham Sumner, Earth-Hunger, and Other Essays , ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1913), 234.[]

Leon Fink, Workingmen’s Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983).[]

Ruth A. Allen, The Great Southwest Strike (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1942). []

James R. Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006).[]

Paul Krause, The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992).[]

Almont Lindsey, The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943).[]

Historians of the Populists have produced a large number of excellent histories. See especially Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); Charles Postel, The Populist Vision (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).[]

Lawrence Goodwyn argued that the Populists’ “cooperative vision” was the central element in their hopes of a “democratic economy.” Goodwyn, Democratic Promise , 54.[]

John Donald Hicks, T he Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers’ Alliance and the People’s Party (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1931), 178.[]

Ibid., 236.[]

Edward McPherson, A Handbook of Politics for 1892 (Washington, DC: Chapman, 1892), 269.[]

Hicks, Populist Revolt , 321–339.[]

Postel, Populist Vision, 197.[]

On William Jennings Bryan, see especially Michael Kazin, A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (New York: Knopf, 2006).[]

Ibid., 25.[]

Richard Franklin Bensel, Passion and Preferences: William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Democratic Convention (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 232.[]

Lyn Ragsdale, Vital Statistics on the Presidency (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1998), 132–138.[]

Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).[]

Quoted in Michael Willrich, American Anarchy: The Epic Struggle between Immigrant Radicals and the U.S. Government at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2023), 21.[]

Emma Goldman, “Anarchism: What It Really Stands For,” in Emma Goldman, Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader , 3rd ed., ed. Alix Kates Shulman (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 1998), 71.[]

Eugene V. Debs, “The Socialist Party and the Working Class,” International Socialist Review (September 1904).[]

Oscar Ameringer, Socialism: What It Is and How to Get It (Milwaukee, WI: Political Action, 1911), 31.[]

Philip S. Foner, The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905–1917(New York: International Publishers, 1965).[]

R. Laurence Moore, European Socialists and the American Promised Land (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 214.[]

Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, Citizen and Socialist (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983).[]