Notes on
Reconstruction

Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (HarperCollins, 1988), xxv.[]

“The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,” in Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, vol. 13 (Boston, 1866), 737–39, http://​www​.freedmen​.umd​.edu/​procamn​.htm.[]

The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789–1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives, https://​www​.archives​.gov/​milestone​-documents/​13th​-amendment​#transcript.[]

Andrew Johnson, “Proclamation 179—Granting Full Pardon and Amnesty for the Offense of Treason Against the United States During the Late Civil War,” December 25, 1868. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, https://​www​.presidency​.ucsb​.edu/​documents/​proclamation​-179​-granting​-full​-pardon​-and​-amnesty​-for​-the​-offense​-treason​-against​-the.[]

Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction [. . .]. (Washington, DC, 1871), 80–82.[]

Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (Random House, 2008).[]

U.S. Statutes at Large, Volume 14 1865–1867), 39th Congress, 1st Session, 27, https://​www​.loc​.gov/​resource/​llsalvol​.llsal​_014/​?sp​=​59.[]

Eric Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction (Louisiana State University Press, 1996).[]

See Ward McAfee, Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s (State University of New York Press, 1998); Hilary Green, Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South (Fordham University Press, 2016).[]

Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers.[]

Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers , xi.[]

Leslie Harris and Daina Ramey Berry, eds., Slavery and Freedom in Savannah (University of Georgia Press, 2014), 167.[]

Steven Hahn, Steven F. Miller, Susan E. O’Donovan, John C. Rodrigue, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867 , series 3, vol. 1, Land and Labor, 1865 (University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 442–44.[]

Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company, Charter and by-laws (New York, 1865).[]

Walter Fleming, The Freedmen’s Savings Bank: A Chapter in the Economic History of the Negro Race(University of North Carolina Press, 1927), 141. See also Justene Hill Edwards, Savings and Trust: The Rise and Betrayal of the Freedman’s Bank (Norton, 2024).[]

Heather Andrea Williams, Help Me to Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery (University of North Carolina Press, 2012).[]

Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery (Doubleday, 1900), 30; Green, Educational Reconstruction.[]

Henry H. Mitchell, Black Church Beginnings: The Long-Hidden Realities of the First Years (Eerdmans, 2004), 141–74.[]

Benjamin Mays and Joseph Nicholson, The Negro’s Church (Russell and Russell, 1933), 29–30.[]

Foner, Reconstruction , 92.[]

See Tomeiko Ashford Carter, ed., Virginia Broughton: The Life and Writings of a National Baptist Missionary (University of Tennessee Press, 2010); Shirley Wilson Logan, We Are Coming: The Persuasive Discourse of Nineteenth-Century Black Women (Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), 168; Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, “Religion, Politics, and Gender: The Leadership of Nannie Helen Burroughs,” in This Far by Faith: Readings in African-American Women’s Religious Biography , ed. Judith Weisenfeld and Richard Newman (Routledge, 2014), 157.[]

“To the Women of the Republic,” address from the Women’s Loyal National League supporting the abolition of slavery, January 25, 1864, SEN 38A-H20 (Kansas folder); RG 46, Records of the US Senate, National Archives, https://​www​.senate​.gov/​artandhistory/​history/​resources/​pdf/​WomensLoyalNationalLeague​.pdf.[]

Proceedings of the Eleventh National Women’s Rights Convention, Held at the Church of the Puritans, New York, May 10, 1866 (New York, 1866).[]

Frederick Douglass, “We Welcome the Fifteenth Amendment: Addresses Delivered in New York, on 12–13 May 1869,” in The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series One, Speeches, Debates, and Interviews , ed. John W. Blassingame and John R. McKivigan (Yale University Press, 1991), 213–19.[]

Faye E. Dudden, Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America (Oxford University Press, 2011).[]

Louise Michele Newman, White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States (Oxford University Press, 1999), 3–8.[]

Sue Davis, The Political Thought of Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Women’s Rights and the American Political Traditions (New York University Press, 2008), 158.[]

Caroline E. Janney, Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation (University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 94.[]

Virginia Ingraham Burr, ed., The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1848–1889 (University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 272–73.[]

David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Harvard University Press, 2001), 65–71.[]

Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South , ed. Michael Burlingame (1865; repr. Arno Press, 1969), iii.[]

Douglas R. Egerton, The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era (Bloomsbury, 2014), 296.[]

Kidada E. Williams, I Saw Death Coming: A History of Terror and Survival in the War Against Reconstruction (Bloomsbury, 2023).[]

“A Defense of the Ku Klux,” Chester Reporter (Chester, SC), January 11, 1872.[]

Sallie Adkins to Ulysses S. Grant, May 20, 1869. Letters Received, Source Chronological File, Container #7, 1868–1870: President’s Letters, Folder: May–December 1869, Record Group 60, General Records of the Department of Justice, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.[]

Nell Irvin Painter, Creating Black Americans: African-American History and Its Meanings, 1619 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2006), 158.[]

Leonard L. Richards, Who Freed the Slaves? The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment (University of Chicago Press, 2015), 258.[]

William Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 (University of Illinois Press, 1993), 23.[]

Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name.[]

Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 482.[]

Bureau of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior (US Government Printing Office, 1875), 221.[]

Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 170–209.[]