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Chapter 10 · Reading ledger

Notes on
American Democracy

63 citations, collected away from the main text for uninterrupted reading.

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Section 10.02

II: Jackson’s Chaotic Cabinet

  1. Jonathan M. Atkins, From Confederation to Nation: The Early American Republic, 1789–1848 (Routledge, 2016), 202.[]

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  2. Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (University Press of Virginia, 2000), 200.[]

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  3. Elizabeth R. Varon, We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, 1998).[]

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  4. Margaret Bayard Smith to Margaret Bayard Boyd, December 20 [?], 1828, Margaret Bayard Smith Papers, quoted in Varon, We Mean to Be Counted , 215.[]

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  5. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, quoted in William M. Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, vol. 1 (Stechert, 1917), 419.[]

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  6. John C. Calhoun, “Exposition and Protest,” in Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun , ed. Ross M. Lence (Liberty Fund, 1992), 311–65, http://​oll​.libertyfund​.org/​titles/​683.[]

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Section 10.03

III. Nullification and the Bank War

  1. Michel Chevalier and Andrew Jackson, quoted in Andrew Burstein, The Passions of Andrew Jackson (Knopf, 2003), 200.[]

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  2. Andrew Jackson, veto message regarding the Bank of the United States, July 10, 1832, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://​avalon​.law​.yale​.edu/​19th​_century/​ajveto01​.asp.[]

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  3. South Carolina ordinance of nullification, November 24, 1832, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://​avalon​.law​.yale​.edu/​19th​_century/​ordnull​.asp.[]

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  4. Andrew Jackson, proclamation regarding nullification, December 10, 1832, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://​avalon​.law​.yale​.edu/​19th​_century/​jack01​.asp.[]

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Section 10.04

IV: The Second Party System

  1. New England Artisan and Laboring Man’s Repository (Pawtucket, Providence, and Boston), March 8, 1832.[]

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  2. Commonwealth v. Hunt , 45 Mass. 111 (1842).[]

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  3. Rebecca Theresa Reed, Six Months in a Convent, or, The Narrative of Rebecca Theresa Reed (Boston, 1835), http://​archive​.org/​details/​sixmonthsinconve00reedr.[]

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  4. Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West , 2nd ed. (Cincinnati, 1835), 54, http://​archive​.org/​details/​pleaforwest00beec.[]

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  5. Henry Clay to Francis Brooke, December 16, 1833, quoted in Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1999), 29.[]

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Section 10.05

V. The Panic of 1837

  1. “Great Public Meeting in Philadelphia,” Niles’ Weekly Register (Baltimore), May 27, 1837, 198.[]

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  2. Alasdair Roberts, America’s First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder After the Panic of 1837 (Cornell University Press, 2012), 23.[]

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  3. Roberts, America’s First Great Depression , 53. Also see Jessica Lepler, The Many Panics of 1837: People, Politics, and the Creation of a Transatlantic Financial Crisis (Cambridge University Press, 2013).[]

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Section 10.06

VI: Indigenous Dispossession

  1. “President Andrew Jackson’s Message to Congress ‘On Indian Removal’ (1830),” https://​www​.archives​.gov/​milestone​-documents/​jacksons​-message​-to​-congress​-on​-indian​-removal.[]

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  2. Ellen Cushman, The Cherokee Syllabary Writing the People’s Perseverance (University of Oklahoma Press, 2011).[]

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  3. Cushman, The Cherokee Syllabary , 127.[]

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  4. Cushman, The Cherokee Syllabary , 122.[]

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  5. John P. Bowes. “American Indian Removal Beyond the Removal Act,” Native American and Indigenous Studies 1, no. 1 (Spring 2014): 65–87, https://​doi​.org/​10​.1353/​nai​.2014​.a843652.[]

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  6. Mary Hershberger. “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle Against Indian Removal in the 1830s.” The Journal of American History 86, no. 1 (1999): 15–40, https://​doi​.org/​10​.2307/​2567405.[]

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  7. Circular Addressed to Benevolent Ladies of the United States, 1829. Published in the Cherokee Phoenix , January 6, 1830, https://​www​.wcu​.edu/​library/​DigitalCollections/​CherokeePhoenix/​Vol2/​no39/​circular​-page​-2​-column​-3b​-page​-3​-column​-2b​.html.[]

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  8. Cherokee Indian Women, Cherokee Indian/Native American Women to National Council at Amohee, May 2. May 2, 1817, https://​www​.loc​.gov/​item/​maj007262/.[]

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  9. Tim A. Garrison, “Worcester v. Georgia (1832),” New Georgia Encyclopedia , http://​www​.georgiaencyclopedia​.org/​articles/​government​-politics/​worcester​-v​-georgia​-1832.[]

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  10. Bowes. “American Indian Removal,” 75.[]

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  11. Garrison, “ Worcester v. Georgia (1832).”[]

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  12. Andrew Jackson, message to Congress, December 8, 1829, in Richardson, Messages and Papers , 2:456–59. []

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  13. Speckled Snake, “Response to a Message from President Andrew Jackson Concerning Indian Removal, 1830,” in Great Documents in American Indian History , ed. Wayne Moquin and Charles Van Doren (Praeger, 1973), 149.[]

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  14. Speckled Snake, “Response to a Message from President Andrew Jackson.” Historian Angie Debo argues that Speckled Snake was a pseudonym likely used by the influential Cherokee leader John Ridge. For more on this see Angie Debo, The Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Nation (University of Oklahoma Press, 1984).[]

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  15. Fay A. Yarbrough, Race and the Cherokee Nation: Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 15–21.[]

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  16. John Ross, quoted in Brian Hicks, Toward the Setting Sun: John Ross, the Cherokees, and the Trail of Tears (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2011), 210.[]

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  17. Russell Thornton, The Cherokees: A Population History (University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 76.[]

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  18. John P. Bowes, Land Too Good for Indians: Northern Indian Removal (University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).[]

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  19. Senate Document #512, 23 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. 4, pt. 6, x, https://​books​.google​.com/​books​?id​=​KSTlvxxCOkcC.[]

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  20. William C. Sturtevant, Handbook of North American Indians: History of Indian-White Relations , vol. 4 (Smithsonian Institution, 1988), 289.[]

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Section 10.07

VII. The Cotton Belt

  1. D. Clayton James, Antebellum Natchez (Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 156; Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Belknap, 2013), 151–52; John Solomon Otto, The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South(Greenwood, 1989), 94–96.[]

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  2. W. H. Sparks, Memories of Fifty Years (Philadelphia, 1870), 364.[]

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  3. Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (Knopf, 2014), 102–3.[]

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  4. For more cotton statistics, see Joshua D. Rothman, Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson (University of Georgia Press, 2012), 3–5, 96–103; Johnson, River of Dark Dreams , 254–60; Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 102–4; Avery Plaw, “Slavery,” in Cynthia Clark, ed., The American Economy: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2011), 108–9, 787–98; William J. Phalen, The Consequences of Cotton in Antebellum America (McFarland, 2014), 110–14; Gene Dattel, Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power (Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 370–71.[]

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  5. See Joseph Holt Ingraham, The Southwest, by a Yankee , vol. 2 (New York, 1835), 91, quoted in Harold D. Woodman, King Cotton and His Retainers: Financing and Marketing the Cotton Crop of the South, 1800–1925 (University of Kentucky Press, 1968), 135. A similar quote, recorded in 1854 and attributed to Edward Russell, appears in Johnson, River of Dark Dreams , 12.[]

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  6. See Brenda E. Stevenson, Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South(Oxford University Press, 1996), 171–81.[]

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  7. James L. Huston, “The Pregnant Economies of the Border South, 1840–1860: Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Possibilities of Slave-Labor Expansion,” in The Old South’s Modern Worlds: Slavery, Region, and Nation in the Age of Progress , ed. L. Diane Barnes, Brian Schoen, and Frank Towers (Oxford University Press, 2011), 132–34.[]

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  8. Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave (Auburn, NY, 1853), 80.[]

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  9. Daina Ramey Berry, The Price for Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation (Beacon Press, 2017); Maria R. Montalvo, Enslaved Archives: Slavery, Law, and the Production of the Past (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2024).[]

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  10. Whitney Nell Stewart, This Is Our Home: Slavery and Struggle on Southern Plantations (University of North Carolina Press, 2023).[]

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  11. Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Boston, 1861), 85.[]

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  12. Kevin Bales and Jody Sarich, “The Paradox of Women, Children, and Slavery,” in Trafficking in Slavery’s Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa , ed. Benjamin N. Lawrence and Richard L. Roberts (Ohio University Press, 2012), 241–43; Diane Miller Sommerville, Rape and Race in the Nineteenth-Century South (University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 44–48; Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present (Basic Books, 2010), 35–38.[]

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  13. Samuel S. Hill, Southern Churches in Crisis Revisited (University of Alabama Press, 1999), 33.[]

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Section 10.08

VIII: An Urbanizing South

  1. On divorce, see Carol Lasser and Stacey Robertson, Antebellum Women: Private, Public, Partisan (Rowman and Littlefield, 2010), 5–8; Nancy Isenberg, Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America (University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 200–204; David Silkenat, Moments of Despair: Suicide, Divorce, and Debt in Civil War Era North Carolina (University of North Carolina Press, 2011), chap. 4, particularly 77–88.[]

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Section 10.09

IX. Texas, Mexico, and the United States

  1. David Reimers, Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People (New York University Press, 2005), 27.[]

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  2. H. P. N. Gammel, ed., The Laws of Texas, 1822–1897 , vol. 1 (Austin, TX, 1898), 1063, https://​texashistory​.unt​.edu/​ark:​/​67531/​metapth5872/​m1/​1071/.[]

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  3. Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 (Louisiana State University Press, 1989).[]

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Section 10.10

X: An Age of Reform

  1. Charles G. Finney, Memoirs of Charles G. Finney (New York, 1876), 78.[]

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  2. Gary J. Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–1900 , Volume 1 (Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), 119.[]

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Section 10.11

XI. Antislavery and Abolition

  1. Paul Goodman, Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality (University of California Press, 1998), 105.[]

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  2. Henry Highland Garnet, “An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America,” in Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787–1900 , ed. Philip S. Foner and Robert James Branham (University of Alabama Press, 1998), 204.[]

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  3. James Brewer Stewart, Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of the Civil War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), 13–14.[]

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  4. Nat Turner, The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va. (Baltimore, 1831), 9–11; Vanessa M. Holden, Surviving Southampton: African American Women and Resistance in Nat Turner’s Community (University of Illinois Press, 2021).[]

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  5. Beverly C. Tomek, Pennsylvania Hall: A “Legal Lynching” in the Shadow of the Liberty Bell (Oxford University Press, 2013).[]

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  6. Kellie Carter Jackson, Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019).[]

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