Notes on
A New Nation

Francis Hopkinson, An Account of the Grand Federal Procession, Philadelphia, July 4, 1788 (Philadelphia, 1788).[]

George Washington, Thanksgiving Proclamation, October 3, 1789; Fed. Reg., Presidential Proclamations, 1791–1991.[]

Hampshire Gazette (CT), September 13, 1786.[]

James Madison, The Federalist Papers , (Signet Classics, 2003), no. 63.[]

Woody Holton, Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution (Hill and Wang, 2007), 8–9.[]

Madison took an active role during the convention. He also did more than anyone else to shape historians’ understandings of the convention by taking meticulous notes. Many of the quotes included here come from Madison’s notes. To learn more about this important document, see Mary Sarah Bilder, Madison’s Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention (Harvard University Press, 2015).[]

Virginia (Randolph) Plan as Amended (National Archives Microfilm Publication M866, 1 roll); The Official Records of the Constitutional Convention; Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, 1774–1789, Record Group 360; National Archives.[]

Richard Beeman, Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution (Random House, 2009), 114.[]

Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of the Opponents of the Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1981), 16.[]

Ray Raphael, Mr. President: How and Why the Founders Created a Chief Executive (Knopf, 2012), 50. See also Kathleen Bartoloni-Tuazon, For Fear of an Elected King: George Washington and the Presidential Title Controversy of 1789 (Cornell University Press, 2014).[]

David J. Siemers, Ratifying the Republic: Antifederalists and Federalists in Constitutional Time (Stanford University Press, 2002).[]

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers , ed. Ian Shapiro (Yale University Press, 2009).[]

Pauline Maier, Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788 (Simon & Schuster, 2010), 225–37.[]

David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution: From Revolution to Ratification (Hill and Wang, 2009).[]

Carson Holloway, Hamilton Versus Jefferson in the Washington Administration: Completing the Founding or Betraying the Founding?(Cambridge University Press, 2015).[]

Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton , Volume 1, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (Putnam, 1904), 70, 408.[]

Alexander Hamilton, Report on the Subject of Manufactures (New York, 1791).[]

James H. Hutson, ed., Supplement to Max Farrand’s the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (Yale University Press, 1987), 119.[]

Hamilton, Report on Manufactures.[]

Richard Sylla, “National Foundations: Public Credit, the National Bank, and Securities Markets,” in Founding Choices: American Economic Policy in the 1790s , ed. Douglas A. Irwin and Richard Sylla (University of Chicago Press, 2011), 68.[]

Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1986).[]

“Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793,” in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents Prepared Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on Printing, of the House and Senate Pursuant to an Act of the Fifty-Second Congress of the United States (New York, 1897).[]

United States, Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, signed at London November 19, 1794, Submitted to the Senate June 8, Resolution of Advice and Consent, on condition, June 24, 1795. Ratified by the United States August 14, 1795. Ratified by Great Britain October 28, 1795. Ratifications exchanged at London October 28, 1795. Proclaimed February 29, 1796.[]

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders Worldview (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 18.[]

Thomas Jefferson to William Short, January 3, 1793, Founders Online, National Archives, http://​founders​.archives​.gov/​documents/​Jefferson/​01​-25​-02​-0016; John Catanzariti, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 25, 1 January to 10 May 1793 (Princeton University Press, 1993), 14–17.[]

Robert Goodloe Harper, June 18, 1798, quoted in American Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia), June 20, 1798.[]

Robert J. Alderson Jr., This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792–1794 (University of South Carolina Press, 2008).[]

Rachel Hope Cleves, The Reign of Terror in America: Visions of Violence from Anti-Jacobinism to Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 47.[]

Alien Act, July 6, 1798, and An Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled “An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States,” July 14, 1798; Fifth Congress; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.[]

James Wilson, Congressional Debate, December 1, 1787, in Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia in 1787 , vol. 2 (New York, 1888), 448–50.[]

Tunis Wortman, A Treatise Concerning Political Enquiry, and the Liberty of the Press (New York, 1800), 181.[]

George Hay, An Essay on the Liberty of the Press (Philadelphia, 1799), 43.[]

Jefferson to James Madison, August 28, 1789, in The Works of Thomas Jefferson in Twelve Volumes , Federal Edition, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, http://​www​.loc​.gov/​resource/​mtj1​.011​_0853​_0861.[]

Northwest Ordinance, July 13, 1787; Charles C. Tansill, ed., Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States (US Government Printing Office, 1927), House Document No. 398, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://​avalon​.law​.yale​.edu/​18th​_century/​nworder​.asp.[]

For a valuable and approachable rundown of American slavery statistics, see Jenny Bourne, “Slavery in the United States,” Economic History Association, March 26, 2008, https://​eh​.net/​encyclopedia/​slavery​-in​-the​-united​-states/. For statistics earlier than 1790, see Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (Norton, 1975), appendix; Peter Kolchin, American Slavery : 1619–1877 (Hill and Wang, 1993), 252–57. All slavery statistics hereafter refer to Bourne’s “Slavery in the United States” unless otherwise noted.[]

Robert J. Cottrol, ed., From African to Yankee: Narratives of Slavery and Freedom in Antebellum New England (Sharpe, 1998), 62.[]

David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Oxford University Press, 1999), 164–212.[]

Francis Newton Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America Compiled and Edited Under the Act of Congress of June 30, 1906 (US Government Printing Office, 1909).[]

Thomas Jefferson, An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, January 16, 1786, Manuscript, Records of the General Assembly, Enrolled Bills, Record Group 78, Library of Virginia.[]

John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (Oxford University Press, 1998), 3, 197–200, 201n1.[]

Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (University of Virginia Press, 2000), 14.[]

James T. Callender, The Prospect Before Us (Richmond, 1800).[]

Jefferson to Spencer Roane, September 6, 1819, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson , 20 vols., ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903), 142.[]

Harold H. Bruff, Untrodden Ground: How Presidents Interpret the Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 2015), 65.[]

Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers (Signet Classics, 2003), no. 85.[]

George Washington, Farewell Address, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2869–70.[]