Notes on
Colonial Society

Zara Anishanslin, Portrait of a Woman in Silk: Hidden Histories of the British Atlantic World (Yale University Press, 2016), 14.[]

Mara Caden, “‘One Certain Standard’: Colonial Currencies and the Politics of Economic Knowledge in Late Stuart Britain,” Journal of British Studies 63, no. 4 (October 2024): 836–62, https://​doi​.org/​10​.1017/​jbr​.2024​.119.[]

T. H. Breen, “‘Baubles of Britain’: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 119, no. 1 (May 1988): 79, https://​doi​.org/​10​.1093/​past/​119​.1​.73.[]

“To the Publisher of the Boston Evening Post,” Boston Evening Post , no. 150 (June 6, 1738): 1.[]

Richard B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 144.[]

Ellen Hartigan-O’Connor, The Ties That Buy: Women and Commerce in Revolutionary America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).[]

Hartigan-O’Connor, The Ties That Buy , 1–2, 50–51.[]

Pekka Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire (Yale University Press, 2008), 27; Ned Blackhawk, The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History (Yale University Press, 2023), 111–13.[]

Margot Liberty, “Hell Came with Horses: Plains Indian Women in the Equestrian Era,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 32, no. 3 (1982): 10–19, http://​www​.jstor​.org/​stable/​4518673.[]

Archibald Paton Thornton, The Habit of Authority: Paternalism in British History (University of Toronto Press, 1966), 123. See also Mark G. Hana, Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570–1740(University of North Carolina Press, 2016).[]

Cited in Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth (Knopf, 2001), 37.[]

Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution, Abridged Edition (Harvard University Press, 2009), ix. See also Benjamin Carp, Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2009).[]

Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz, Cities in American History (Knopf, 1972), 45.[]

Andrea C. Mosterman, Spaces of Enslavement: A History of Slavery and Resistance in Dutch New York (Cornell University Press, 2025).[]

Gary B. Nash, “Slaves and Slave Owners in Colonial Philadelphia,” in African Americans in Pennsylvania: Shifting Historical Perspectives , ed. Joe Trotter and Eric Ledell Smith (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 49–50.[]

Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press, 1996).[]

Donald Matthews, Religion in the Old South (University of Chicago Press, 1977), 6.[]

Randy M. Brown, The Driver’s Story: Labor and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2024).[]

Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Gender and Reproduction in the Making of New World Slavery (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). See also Jessica Marie Johnson, Wicked Flesh: Black Women, Intimacy, and Freedom in the Atlantic World (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020).[]

Edward B. Rugemer, Slave Law and the Politics of Resistance in the Early Atlantic World (Harvard University Press, 2018).[]

Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves, & Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Lowcountry (Cornell University Press, 1998), 67.[]

Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (University of Illinois Press, 1991), 8.[]

Paul S. Sutter and Christopher J. Manganiello, eds., Atlantic Environments and the American South (University of Georgia Press, 2009).[]

Sylvia R. Frey and Betty Wood, Come Shouting to Zion: African American Protestantism in the American South and British Caribbean to 1830 (University of North Carolina Press, 1998). See also Anne C. Bailey, African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame (Beacon, 2006).[]

See Appendix D of Dorothy Schneider and Carl J. Schneider, Slavery in America (Infobase, 2007).[]

Serena Zabin, Dangerous Economies: Status and Commerce in Imperial New York (University of Pennsylvania, 2012). See also Thomas Joseph Davis, A Rumor of Revolt: The “Great Negro Plot” in Colonial New York (Free Press, 1985).[]

US Census Bureau, Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics , http://​www2​.census​.gov/​prod2/​statcomp/​documents/​CT1970p2​-13​.pdf; James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North (Holmes and Meier, 1999), xiv.[]

Elaine F. Crane, “‘The First Wheel of Commerce’: Newport, Rhode Island and the Slave Trade, 1760–1776,” Slavery and Abolition 1, no. 2 (1980): 178–98, https://​doi​.org/​10​.1080/​01440398008574813.[]

Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).[]

Lucia McMahon, Mere Equals: The Paradox of Educated Women in the Early American Republic (Cornell University Press, 2012).[]

Fenno-Hoffman Family Papers, Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Anya Jabour, Marriage in the Early Republic: Elizabeth and William Wirt and the Companionate Ideal (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).[]

Jan Lewis, “The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic,” William and Mary Quarterly 44, no. 4 (1987): 689–721, https://​doi​.org/​10​.2307/​1939741.[]

New York Packet , January 9, 1790; New-Jersey Journal , January 20, 1790; Mary Beth Sievens, Stray Wives: Marital Conflict in Early National New England (New York University Press, 2005).[]

Trish Loughran, The Republic in Print: Print Culture in the Age of U.S. Nation-Building, 1770–1870 (Columbia University Press, 2007).[]

Cited in David D. Hall, Cultures in Print: Essays in the History of the Book (University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), 99.[]

Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, A History of the Book in America: Volume 1, The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 111.[]

John Gillies, Historical Collections Relating to the Remarkable Success of the Gospel and Eminent Instruments Employed in Promoting It, Volume II (Glasgow, 1754), 19.[]

Martin Luther King Jr. “An Appraisal of the Great Awakening.” Essay , November 17, 1950.[]

Benjamin Franklin on the Great Awakening, from His Autobiography. https://​www​.digitalhistory​.uh​.edu/​disp​_textbook​.cfm​?smtID​=​3​&​psid​=​1278.[]

George Whitefield, The Works of the Reverend George Whitefield, Vol. I(London, 1771), 73.[]

William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform(University of Chicago Press, 1978), 62.[]

Thomas S. Kidd, George Whitefield: America’s Spiritual Founding Father (Yale University Press, 2014), 131.[]

Leigh Eric Schmidt, “‘A Second and Glorious Reformation’: The New Light Extremism of Andrew Croswell,” William and Mary Quarterly 43, no. 2 (April 1986): 214–44, https://​doi​.org/​10​.2307/​1922383.[]

Bruce Morito, An Ethic of Mutual Respect: The Covenant Chain and Aboriginal-Crown Relations (University of British Columbia Press, 2012).[]

Alan Craig Houston, Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement (Yale University Press, 2008).[]

Dianne Guenin-Lelle, The Story of French New Orleans: History of a Creole City (University Press of Mississippi, 2016); Rashauna Johnson, Slavery’s Metropolis: Unfree Labor in New Orleans During the Age of Revolutions (Cambridge University Press, 2016); Elizabeth N. Ellis, The Great Power of Small Nations: Indigenous Diplomacy in the Gulf South (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023), 141.[]

Elizabeth Ellis, “The Natchez War Revisited: Violence, Multinational Settlements, and Indigenous Diplomacy in the Lower Mississippi Valley,” The William and Mary Quarterly 77, no. 3 (2020): 441–72, https://​doi​.org/​10​.5309/​willmaryquar​.77​.3​.0441.[]

Ellis, The Great Power of Small Nations , 4–5; David Henkin and Rebecca M. McLennan, Becoming America: A History for the 21st Century (McGraw-Hill, 2022), 98.[]

Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands (University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 3.[]

Barr, Peace Came , 289.[]

Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire , 69.[]

Robert S. G. Fletcher and Alec Zuercher Reichardt, eds., Inlands: Empires, Contested Interiors, and the Connection of the World(Columbia University Press, 2024).[]

“Canada Subjected: A New Song” (1760[?]), quoted in Thomas Kidd, God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution (Basic Books, 2010), 29.[]

Daniel K. Richter, Before the Revolution: America’s Ancient Pasts (Harvard University Press, 2011), 403.[]

Gregory Evans Dowd, War Under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and British Empire (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).[]

Read de Crèvecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmer at Avalon Project, Yale Law School, https://​avalon​.law​.yale​.edu/​subject​_menus/​letters​.asp.[]

Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (Knopf Doubleday, 2007), 410.[]

Henkin and McLennan, Becoming America , 111–12; Blackhawk, The Rediscovery of America , 136, 149.[]